European Resistance Archive/European Resistance Archive (ERA)
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that had been signed between France and Italy after World War I.
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These work contracts gave Italian antifascists the opportunity
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to leave Italy legally and escape imprisonment.
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I don’t know the exact date of my fathers’ emigration,
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but it took place between 1921 and 1922, as I was born in 1923.
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When I was six months old, my mother and I came to France to join my father.
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Since then I have lived in Nanterre. For almost 83 years now.
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My father was a Communist, an antifascist.
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He joined the French Communist Party as soon as we got French citizenship.
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He applied for naturalization in 1930. Otherwise it was very difficult to find work.
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I went to school, “The Ecole Republique”, in Nanterre.
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The school has now disappeared to make way for the University Paris X.
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I went to that school until the age of 13 and got my Elementary School Certificate - Certificat d’Etudes.
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To please my teacher, I took an entry test for high school, but it was not my goal.
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At the time my brother had just been born,
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my mother was not working because she had a heart disease.
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We needed to call the doctor often and my father was only a worker, so we were not very rich.
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On one hand, I wanted to contribute to the family by working.
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On the other hand, I wanted
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to be free and independent. That was even more important.
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