An electric current is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire, when there is a potential difference between the conductor’s ends. The moving charged particles seek to restore the lost balance due for the electric field action or others (chemical reactions, friction, light…).
The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is a measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through that conductor. The first Ohm's Law calculates the electrical resistance, and its SI unit is the ohm (Ω).
When an electrical current is stablished in a metallic conductor, a high number of electrons can flow freely in this conductor. In this movement, the electrons collide with each other and with the atoms that constitute the metal. Therefore, the electrons have some difficult to move in, in other words, there is a difficulty to pass an electric current through that conductor.
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Electricity
Voltage
Electric current
Electrical resistance
A semiconductor diode is a two-terminal electronic component. The most common type, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals. Most diodes are made of silicon, but other materials such as selenium and germanium are also used.
It’s the simplest semiconductor electronic component, used as electrical current rectifier and other applications. It has a voltage drop about 0,3V (germanium) and 0,7V (silicon).
Diode works as an auto-start switch (closed when it is directly polarized and open when it is inversely polarized). The greater difference is that when directly polarized, there is a bigger voltage drop in diode than it has in mechanical switches (0,7V in silicon diode). So, in a 10V voltage source, a directly polarized diode in series with a resistance makes a 9,3V voltage drop in the resistance (0,7V remain in the diode). In reverse bias, the diode works as an open switch, since current doesn’t flow, there will be no voltage on the resistor, which stays retained in the diode. That is, there is a 10V voltage on the diode terminals.
The main function of a semiconductor diode, in current rectifier circuits, is to transform alternate current in pulsating direct current. The main function of a semiconductor diode, in direct current circuits, is to control the current flow, allowing the electric current to pass in only one direction.
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Zener Diode
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Series and Parallel Resistors